638-1099 CE - Islamic Period The Arabs advance on Palestine and the Islamic Caliph Omar, heir to Mohammed's political mantle, conquers Jerusalem. Subsequent caliphs also govern Palestine from Damascus and Baghdad. The early Caliphs tolerate Jews and Christians as "people of the book," but in later centuries more and more Jews gradually emigrate. Friction between Christian pilgrims and eleventh century Turkish Seljuks helps trigger the Crusades. About the Picture: The Dome of the Rock, first built in the Islamic Period. 8000-4000 BCE 3000-1200 BCE 1700 1200-600 BCE 587-332 BCE 520 BCE 332-63 BCE 166 BCE 63-324 CE 6-3 BCE 66 CE 68 CE 132-135 CE 135-324 CE 324-638 CE 614 CE 638-1099 CE 1099-1291 CE 1291-1917 CE 1492 1517 1886 1918-1948 1948 1950-67 1968-1988 1974 1977 1982 1993 2000